The invention is attributed to German metalsmith Johannes Gutenberg, who cast type in molds using a melted metal alloy and constructed a wooden-screw printing press to transfer the image onto paper. The next revolution in the field of books came with the 15th-century invention of printing with changeable type. (Ironically, we know about Socrates' concerns only because they were written down by his student Plato in his famous Dialogues.) The new technology of writing meant stories no longer needed to be memorized, a development Socrates feared would weaken the Greeks' mental capacities for memorizing and retelling. Before the invention of the Greek alphabet 2,500 years ago, knowledge and stories were recited aloud, much like Homer's epic poems. The Greek philosopher Socrates lamented the loss of knowledge because the media of transmission were changing. alphabet books), as well as by individuals who taught themselves. Early textbooks were used by tutors and teachers (e.g. Johannes Gutenberg himself may have printed editions of Ars Minor, a schoolbook on Latin grammar by Aelius Donatus. The modern textbook has its roots in the mass production made possible by the printing press. For example, Ancient Greeks wrote educational texts. The history of textbooks dates back to ancient civilizations. School textbooks used during the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong

Civics today textbook pdf